David Foster Wallace’s Parody of Donald Trump’s Presidential Run

Infinite JEst david foster wallace picTrue, David Foster Wallace died in 2008, long before the Donald even considered running. It is also true that Infinite Jest–the impossibly long and challenging masterpiece by Wallace that I have committed to read this spring–was written in 1996. Usually parodies are written after the thing they parody. Leave it to David Foster Wallace, though, to break that rule and make fun of an event long before it happened.

The scene in question is a student and faculty gathering at the Enfield Tennis Academy (E.T.A.). It is Continental Interdependence Day (11/8), the day that celebrates the occasion when Washington seceded the Northeast U.S. to Canada when the region became environmentally toxic. The students of E.T.A. gather in a hall and eat junkfood and watch the same film each year. They dig out a film cartridge produced, written, and directed by Mario Incandenza, the physically deformed son of E.T.A.’s director, Avril Incandenza, and probably not the biological son but certainly the artistic offspring of a famous indie film director who had committed suicide by heating his head in a microwave oven (the father, not the physically deformed son).

Infinite JEst david foster wallace 44You will have to forgive the obscure writing and offensive use of contractions and technical details and the piling up of name upon name with no context–and this combined with words most educated people have to look up (or guess in context). It is part of the art of Infinite Jest. It is meant to alienate you, I think. And the voice of the narrator in this piece is probably aping a pretentious and highly intelligent teenager who witnessed the event.

But watch the development of the character of President Gentle, a former Las Vegas lounge singer with obsessive compulsive issues (hence the surgical masks everyone wears) who sweeps to the White House on a populist wave. President Gentle’s rise to power is captured here by the disabled childhood filmmaker using puppets in a broom closet in one of E.T.A.’s lower floors.

donald-trump-has-surged-to-the-top-of-2-new-2016-pollsPerceptive readers will notice that David Foster Wallace hasn’t gotten every detail perfect about Trump’s rise. Still, Infinite Jest suggests the soft apocalypse that might follow. While this new era is good news for hamsters in the wild, Quebecois terrorists, and indie filmmakers, there are some problems for others. While none of the voters in the Infinite Jest alternative history in the future ever ask what the populist candidate means by “America,’ voters in our timeline might want to consider it.

Most of Wallace’s paragraphs go on for several pages without a break (like 1st year university writing, sometimes). I’ve chosen to break it up for readability. Some of the long paragraphs I couldn’t break up because they are all one sentence. One of compound words below has 478 characters. I have also left out the footnotes. Though part of the humour of Infinite Jest, there are hundreds of pages of these notes: the audiobook has 8 hours of footnotes. I am simply not reading them.


Infinite JEst david foster wallace notesIf it’s odd that Mario Incandenza’s first halfway-coherent film cartridge — a 48-minute job shot three summers back in the carefully decorated janitor-closet of Subdorm B with his head-mount Bolex H64 and foot-treadle — if it’s odd that Mario’s first finished entertainment consists of a film of a puppet show — like a kids’ puppet show — then it probably seems even odder that the film’s proven to be way more popular with E.T.A.’s adults and adolescents than it is with the woefully historically underin-formed children it had first been made for. It’s proved so popular that it gets shown annually now every 11/8, Continental Interdependence Day, on a wide-beam cartridge projector and stand-up screen in the E.T.A. dining hall, after supper.

Infinite JEst david foster wallaceIt’s part of the gala but rather ironic annual celebration of I.-Day at an Academy whose founder had married a Canadian, and it usually gets under way about 1930h., the film, and everybody gathers in the dining hall, and watches it, and by Charles Tavis’s festive fiat
… normal E.T.A. dietary regulations are for an hour completely suspended, and Mrs. Clarke, the dietician out in the kitchen — a former Four-Star dessert chef normally relegated here to protein-conveyors and ways to vary complex carbs — Mrs. Clarke gets to put on her floppy white chef’s hat and just go sucrotically mad, out in West House’s gleaming kitchen. Everybody’s supposed to wear some sort of hat — [Director and film-maker’s mother] Avril Incandenza positively towers in the same steeple-crowned witch’s hat she teaches all her classes in every 10/31, and Pemulis wears the complex yachting cap and naval braid, and pale and blotchy Struck a toque with a kind of flitty aigrette, and Hal a black preacher’s hat with a stern round downturned brim, etc. etc.

— and Mario, as director and putative author of the popular film, is encouraged to say a few words, like eight: ‘Thanks everybody and I hope you like it,’ is what he said this year, with Pemulis behind him making a show of putting a maraschino on top of the small twizzle of Redi-Whip that O. Stice had sprayed on the top of Mario’s head-mount Bolex H64, which counts as a hat, when the dessert-course’s zenith had gotten slightly out of control near the I.-Day gala supper’s end. These few brief words and round of applause are Mario’s big public yearly moment at E.T.A., and he neither likes the moment nor dislikes
it — same with the untitled film itself, which really started out as just a kids’ adaptation of The ONANtiad, a four-hour piece of tendentiously anticonfluential political parody long since dismissed as minor Incandenza by his late father’s archivists.

Infinite JEst david foster wallace penguinMario’s piece isn’t really better than his father’s; it’s just different (plus of course way shorter).

It’s pretty obvious that somebody else in the Incandenza family had at least an amanuentic hand in the screenplay, but Mario did the choreography and most of the puppet-work personally — his little S-shaped arms and falcate digits are perfect for the forward curve from body to snout of a standard big-headed political puppet — and it was, without question, Mario’s little square Hush Puppy on the H64’s operant foot-treadle, the Bolex itself mounted on one of the tunnel’s locked lab’s Husky-VI TL tripods across the overlit closet, mops and dull-gray janitorial buckets carefully moved out past the frame’s borders on either side of the little velvet stage.

Ann Kittenplan and two older crew-cut girls sit in identical snap-brim fedoras with their arms crossed, Kittenplan’s right hand bandaged. Mary Esther Thode is grading midterms on the sly. Rik Dunkel has his eyes closed but is not asleep. Somebody’s slapped an ad hoc Red Sox cap on the visiting Syrian Satellite pro, and the Syrian Satellite pro sits with most of the prorectors, looking confused, his shoulder taped up with a heatable compress, being polite about the comparative authenticity of Mrs. C.’s baklava.

Infinite JEst david foster wallace 21Everyone gathers and all’s quiet except for the sounds of saliva and chewing, and there’s the yeasty-sweet smell of Coach Schtitt’s pipe, and E.T.A.’s youngest kid Tina Echt in her giant beret gets to be in charge of the lights.

Mario’s thing opens without credits, just a crudely matted imposition of fake-linotype print, a quotation from President Gentle’s second Inaugural: ‘Let the call go forth, to pretty much any nation we might feel like calling, that the past has been torched
by a new and millennial generation of Americans,’ against a full-facial still photo of a truly unmistakable personage. This is the projected face of Johnny Gentle, Famous Crooner. This is Johnny Gentle, né Joyner, lounge singer turned teenybopper throb turned B-movie mainstay, for two long-past decades known unkindly as the ‘Cleanest Man in Entertainment’ (the man’s a world-class retentive, the late-Howard-Hughes kind, the really severe kind, the kind with the paralyzing fear of free-floating contamination, the either-wear-a-surgical-microfiltration-mask – or – make – the – people – around – you – wear – surgical – caps – and – masks – and -touch – doorknobs – only – with – a – boiled – hankie – and – take – fourteen – showers – a -day – only – they’re – not – exactly – showers – they’re – with – this – Dermalatix – brand -shower – sized – Hypospectral – Flash – Booth – that – actually – like – burns – your -outermost – layer – of – skin – off – in – a – dazzling – flash – and – leaves – you – baby’s -butt – new – and – sterile – once – you – wipe – off – the – coating – of – fine – epidermal – ash-with-a-boiled-hankie kind) then in later public life a sterile-toupee-wearing promoter and entertainment-union bigwig, Vegas schmaltz-broker and head of the infamous Velvety Vocalists Guild, the tanned, gold-chained labor union that enforced those seven months of infamously dreadful ‘Live Silence,’ the total scab-free solidarity and performative silence that struck floor-shows and soundstages from Desert to NJ coast for over half a year until equitable compensation-formulae on certain late-millennial phone-order retrospective TV-advertised So-You-Don’t-Forget-Order-Before-Midnight-Tonight-type records and CDs were agreed on by Management.

Infinite JEst david foster wallace 5Hence then Johnny Gentle, the man who brought GE/RCA to heel. And then thus, at the millennial fulcrum of very dark U.S. times, to national politics.

The facial stills that Mario lap-dissolves between are of Johnny Gentle, Famous Crooner, founding standard-bearer of the seminal new ‘Clean U.S. Party,’ [C.U.S.P.] the strange-seeming but politically prescient annular agnation of ultra-right jingoist hunt-deer-with-automatic-weapons types and far-left macrobiotic Save-the-Ozone, -Rain-Forests, -Whales, -Spotted-Owl-and-High-pH-Waterways ponytailed granola-crunchers, a surreal union of both Rush L.– and Hillary R.C.–disillusioned fringes that drew mainstream-media guffaws at their first Convention (held in sterile venue), the seemingly LaRoucheishly marginal party whose first platform’s plank had been Let’s Shoot Our Wastes Into Space, C.U.S.P. a kind of post-Perot national joke for three years, until — white-gloved finger on the pulse of an increasingly asthmatic and sunscreen-slathered and pissed-off American electorate — the C.U.S.P. suddenly swept to quadrennial victory in an angry reactionary voter-spasm that made the U.W.S.A. and LaRouchers and Libertarians chew their hands in envy as the Dems and G.O.P.s stood on either side watching dumbly, like doubles partners who each think the other’s surely got it, the two established mainstream parties split open along tired philosophical lines in a dark time when all landfills got full and all grapes were raisins and sometimes in some places the falling rain clunked instead of splatted, and also, recall, a post-Soviet and -Jihad era when — somehow even worse — there was no real Foreign Menace of any real unified potency to hate and fear, and the U.S. sort of turned on itself and its own philosophical fatigue and hideous redolent wastes with a spasm of panicked rage that in retrospect seems possible only in a time of geopolitical supremacy and consequent silence, the loss of any external Menace to hate and fear.

nbc-fires-donald-trump-after-he-calls-mexicans-rapists-and-drug-runnersThis motionless face on the E.T.A. screen is Johnny Gentle, Third-Party stunner. Johnny Gentle, the first U.S. President ever to swing his microphone around by the cord during his Inauguration speech. Whose new white-suited Office of Unspecified Services’ retinue required Inauguration-attendees to scrub and mask and then walk through chlorinated footbaths as at public pools. Johnny Gentle, managing somehow to look presidential in a Fukoama microfiltration mask, whose Inaugural Address heralded the advent of a Tighter, Tidier Nation. Who promised to clean up government and trim fat and sweep out waste and hose down our chemically troubled streets and to sleep darn little until he’d fashioned a way to rid the American psychosphere of the unpleasant debris of a throw-away past, to restore the majestic ambers and purple fruits of a culture he now promises to rid of the toxic effluvia choking our highways and littering our byways and grungeing up our sunsets and cruddying those harbors in which televised garbage-barges lay stacked up at anchor, clotted and impotent amid undulating clouds of potbellied gulls and those disgusting blue-bodied flies that live on shit (first U.S. President ever to say shit publicly, shuddering), rusty-hulled barges cruising up and down petroleated coastlines or laying up reeky and stacked and emitting CO as they await the opening of new landfills and toxic repositories the People demanded in every area but their own. The Johnny Gentle whose C.U.S.P. had been totally up-front about seeing American renewal as an essentially aesthetic affair. The Johnny Gentle who promised to be the possibly sometimes unpopular architect of a more or less Spotless America that Cleaned Up Its Own Side of the Street. Of a new-era’d nation that looked out for Uno, of a one-time World Policeman that was now going to retire and have its blue uniform deep-dry-cleaned and placed in storage in triple-thick plastic dry-cleaning bags and hang up its cuffs to spend some quality domestic time raking its lawn and cleaning behind its refrigerator and dandling its freshly bathed kids on its neatly pressed mufti-pants’ knee.

Infinite JEst david foster wallace 56A Gentle behind whom a diorama of the Lincoln Memorial’s Lincoln smiled down benignly.

A Johnny Gentle who was as of this new minute sending forth the call that ‘he wasn’t in this for a popularity contest’ (Popsicle-stick-and-felt puppets in the Address’s audience assuming puzzled-looking expressions above their tiny green surgical masks). A President J.G., F.C. who said he wasn’t going to stand here and ask us to make some tough choices because he was standing here promising he was going to make them for us. Who asked us simply to sit back and enjoy the show. Who handled wild applause from camouflage-fatigue- and sandal-and-poncho-clad C.U.S.P.s with the unabashed grace of a real pro. Who had black hair and silver sideburns, just like his big-headed puppet, and the dusty brick-colored tan seen only among those without homes and those whose homes had a Dermalatix Hypospectral personal sterilization booth. Who declared that neither Tax & Spend nor Cut & Borrow comprised the ticket into a whole new millennial era (here more puzzlement among the Inaugural audience, which Mario represents by having the tiny finger-puppets turn rigidly toward each other and then away and then toward). Who alluded to ripe and available Novel Sources of Revenue just waiting out there, unexploited,
not seen by his predecessors because of the trees (?). Who foresaw budgetary adipose trimmed with a really big knife.

Infinite JEst david foster wallace 2The Johnny Gentle who stressed above all — simultaneously pleaded for and promised — an end to atomized Americans’ fractious blaming of one another for our terrible internal troubles. Here bobs and smiles from both wealthily green-masked puppets and homeless puppets in rags and mismatched shoes and with used surgical masks, all made by E.T.A.’s fourth- and fifth-grade crafts class, under the supervision of Ms. Heath, of match-sticks and Popsicle-stick shards and pool-table felt with sequins for eyes and painted fingernail-parings for smiles/frowns, under their masks.

The Johnny Gentle, Chief Executive who pounds a rubber-gloved fist on the podium so hard it knocks the Seal askew and declares that Dammit there just must be some people besides each other of us to blame. To unite in opposition to. And he promises to eat light and sleep very little until he finds them — in the Ukraine, or the Teutons, or the wacko Latins. Or — pausing with that one arm up and head down in the climactic Vegas way — closer to right below our nose. He swears he’ll find us some cohesion-renewing Other. And
then make some tough choices. Alludes to a whole new North America for a crazy post-millennial world. First U.S. President ever to use boss as an adjective. His throwing his surgical gloves into the miniature Inaugural crowd as souvenirs is Mario’s own touch.

Infinite JEst david foster wallace 3And Mario Incandenza’s idea of representing President Gentle’s cabinet as made up mostly of tall-coiffured black-girl puppets in shiny imbricate-sequin dresses is also of course historically inaccurate, though the honorary inclusion, in that cabinet’s second year, of the Presidente of Mexico and the P.M. of Canada is both factual and of course seminal:

PRES. MEX. AND P.M. CAN. [in unison and green-mask-muffled]: It is tremendously flattering to be invited to sit on the cabinet of the leadership of our beloved neighbor to the [choose one].

GENTLE: Thanks, boys. You have gorgeous souls.

It’s not the cartridge’s strongest scene, heavy on stock phrases and two-handed handshakes. But the historical fact that the Presidente of Mexico and P.M. of Canada are honorarily appointed by President Gentle to be ‘Secretaries’ of Mexico and Canada (respectively) — as if the neighbors had already become sort of post-millennial American protectorates — is fore-shadowed as ominous by a wavered D-minor on the soundtrack’s organ — Mrs. Clarke’s Wurlitzer, at home — but the two leaders’ respectively
dusky and Gallic expressions seem unperturbed, under their green masks, as more stock phrases are invoked.

Lego Infinite JestBecause budget and broom-closet constraints make artful transitions between scenes impractical, Mario has opted for the inter-scenic ‘entr’acte’ device of having Johnny Gentle, Famous Crooner doing some of his repertoire’s bouncier numbers, with the cabinet-members undulating and harmonizing Motownishly behind him, and other puppets bouncing in tempo on- and offstage as the script requires….

Infinite JEst david foster wallace covers

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Breaking The Fourth Wall: A Deadpool blog (Sort of)

My son has entered the blogging world. At age 11, his interests are pretty specific. I thought this is a pretty neat concept when it comes to world building. I’d encourage you to check out “Cole’s” blog and give him a follow.

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How You Can Read C.S. Lewis Chronologically

CS_Lewis_Books_6Last week I was pleased to post that I had finished reading through C.S. Lewis’ works chronologically–from his earliest childhood letters and those precocious Boxen stories to his last letters, essays, poems, and books. On Tuesday I gave some of the rationale for doing something crazy like this. Reading Lewis from beginning to end gave me a way to read everything that Lewis ever wrote in a systematic way that helped me catch a sense of his inner workings–his personality, his weaknesses, his hopes and his dreams.

Over the last three years I have had a number of people ask me about this project of reading C.S. Lewis chronologically. Far from a definitive guide, I wanted to post some very practical ways that you too can do this reading project–whether you take a year (the professional approach), or 3 years (for students like me), or the better part of a decade (the bedside reading approach).

I won’t in this blog talk about the hard-to-find materials or the unpublished work, but will focus on the kinds of materials that the average reader can find. I may geekify this post a little bit in the future.

Number of Pages of Letters Lewis Wrote Per 4-5 Year PeriodBy the Numbers

First, what are you in for if you are if you take on this crazy C.S. Lewis project? Here are some of the numbers:

  • 99% of his published works are in 60 volumes
  • Joel Heck lists 463 individual things to read (i.e., books, essays, poems, public lectures, reviews, etc.)
  • 215+ essays, sermons, and reviews in 13-20 books
  • 3 edited volumes dedicated to literary friends (Charles Williams & George MacDonald)
  • 2 volumes of published incomplete work (Boxen, Narrative Poems, The Dark Tower and Other Stories)
  • 3 volumes of 3,274 letters exceeding 3,500 pages
  • 11 books of complete fiction (3 SF, 7 Narnian tales, 1 myth retold)
  • 2 conversion stories (Pilgrim’s Regress and Surprised by Joy)
  • 3 books of apologetics (Problem of Pain, Mere Christianity, Miracles)
  • 2 books of theological fiction (Screwtape Letters, Great Divorce)
  • 4 other books that defy description (Letters to Malcolm, 4 Loves, Reflections on the Psalms, Abolition of Man)
  • 12 volumes of literary criticism and history
  • over 200 poems in 4 volumes
  • 21,000+ pages
  • 5,000,000-6,000,000 words

It’s quite a total, considering we have few of his lectures published, almost none of the incomplete manuscripts or drafts, and most of his letters are lost (or unfound).

Orcrist Sword of Thorin OakenshieldThe Tools You Will Need

Like me, you probably didn’t know where to start when you were ready to start. Fortunately, we live in an age of incredibly rich resources for at-home reading. I will list a few supplementary resources below, but here is the bare minimum:

  1. A Publication List
  2. The Collected Letters
  3. The Collected Poems
  4. The Books Themselves

1. A Publication List

You can find bibliographies of C.S. Lewis’ work most anywhere on the internet, and the Bulletin of the New York C.S. Lewis Society runs a comprehensive bibliography for subscribers. There were two primary resources I used for organizing my C.S. Lewis reading.

First, I used Joel Heck‘s “Chronologically Lewis” projects. Dr. Heck has initiated a mammoth undertaken to record everything that can be known about C.S. Lewis’ daily life. He has spent years gleaning letters, diaries, and other obscure literature to put together a daily accounting that exceeds 1,000 pages. And he gives it all away for free at http://www.joelheck.com.

Joel_Heck_SitePart of Joel’s work is to create a “Complete Works of C. S. Lewis in Chronological Order.” The version I have–now tattered and torn and filled with pencil scratches, stains, dates, omissions and additions–is much older than the new one you can find here. The new list has 463 books, essays, poems, public lectures, and reviews.

Second, I also used Arend Smilde’s plain and extremely useful http://www.Lewisiana.nl. Working in Dutch and English, Arend has a great eye for detail. He has also has written a chronological bibliography with the hot title, “C. S. Lewis’s essays, short stories and other short prose writings as published in collected editions, 1939–2013.” Arend organizes the material in 3 ways: 1) listing the different essay and story collections and giving their table of contents; 2) giving a chronology of essays in a short form (i.e., easy to make a checklist); and 3) alphabetizing Lewis’ essays and short pieces.

MiraclesMy interest was reading Lewis while he was writing something, not just in the order of publication dates. Much of Miracles, for example, was done in 1943-44, but not published until 1947. Then it was abridged in the late 1950s and revised in 1960. It meant (for me) coming at it a couple of times from different angles. On the other side, his Oxford History of 16th c. prose and poetry was written over a 15 year period, finished in 1952, then published in 1954. I read it little by little over a period of 3 months while I was doing late 1940s and early 1950s reading. There was not much more precision available to me.

Combining your letter reading (see below), with the lists from Joel Heck (baseline) and Arend Smilde (supplement), gives you a pretty good guide on what to read and when.

2. The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis (3 vols)

Hooper_Collected_Letters_of_CS_LewisI was fortunate to begin my journey after Walter Hooper had completed the monumental task of collecting as many of Lewis’ letters as possible in 3 pretty thick volumes. I used these letters to pace my 3 years of reading. Sometimes I read a few letters a day; on occasion I sat and read a few months worth of correspondence on a single evening. Sometimes I had to slow down on the letters to finish up a book, but the timing was pretty good.

collected letters cs lewis volume 3 ed by walter hooperVolume 3 has some supplemental letters, so you need to have it on hand pretty early in the process. There is a Volume 4 in the works for letters left behind, but I wouldn’t expect it until 2020ish. Vol 3 is, unfortunately, very difficult to find in print. The cheapest copy on Amazon today is $506.66, and you can read here about my adventure in finding a copy. Vol 3 is available in eBook for pretty cheap, and each of the volumes go on sale for $4 USD. If you have a Vol 3 around you aren’t using, get it to a student who would use it.

I have done a statistical analysis of the letters (see here), and have blogged a few dozen of them over the last 5 years (e.g., here). This is one of my favourite parts of reading Lewis. Even in the midst of responding to fan letters and ordering stamps and doing college business, there are flashes of C.S. Lewis’ pithy brilliance and poignant spiritual direction.

There are other letter collections (see the listing here), but these 3 cover most of what you need.

Collected Poems of Cs Lewis don king3. The Collected Poems

Here I arrived too soon. This was the weakest part of my reading and something I will address next time. I have the Walter Hooper edited poetry volumes (Collected Poems and Narrative Poems), which has about 70% of Lewis’ poems–including his earliest books Spirits in Bondage and Dymer–and some unfinished work. Scouring letters, biographies, and some articles by Don W. King and others, I added another 3 dozen poems or so.

Now Don King has done the work for us in his The Collected Poems of C. S. Lewis A Critical Edition. Published recently, this edition of Lewis’ poetry represents years (decades?) of work. It is the closest thing we have to a complete poetry text of C.S. Lewis. While the cost of the volume is high ($75 USD), serious readers are grateful for the collection. And, of course, it is full of important critical analysis of the poetry itself from a leading critic.

If you can’t get this volume yourself, send me a note and I’ll help fill in some of the missing pieces. But go to your local library and tell them this is the “definitive work.” Who knows? That sort of crazy talk has worked for me before.

4. The Books Themselves

CS_Lewis_books_8This is the trick, isn’t it? You can find C.S. Lewis’ books at local libraries, in church offices, in garage sale bins and library discard sales, on friends’ bookshelves, and–if worse comes to worse–relatively inexpensively at Abebooks, Amazon, or the bookseller down the road. Narnia and Mere Christianity are pretty easy to bump into; the rest falls into the special providence of book finding that I’m sure exists, but I can’t predict.

CS_Lewis_books_10I have made a list on Goodreads (see here), and you have the Joel Heck list already. Let me add some book tips that don’t fit very elegantly together, but can be helpful in your journey:

  • Essays and Short Pieces
    • God In The Dock by cs lewisLesley Walmsley edited a volume called C.S.Lewis Essay Collection and Other Short Pieces (2000) which has most of the articles not in Hooper’s new Image and Imagination; it was not available in the U.S. and so is a bit hard to find
    • Transpositions = Weight of Glory (sermons)
    • The Seeing Eye = Christian Reflections (essays)
    • There are two versions of God in the Dock: 1) a longer one that is the same as Undeceptions; and 2) a short abridged God in the Image and Imagination by CS LewisDock of about 101 pages–ignore #2 and any other abridgements
    • Some essay books aren’t needed if you have the others: The Grand Miracle, Of Other Worlds, First and Second Things, Compelling Reason, and Timeless at Heart 
    • The only new essay in Christian Reunion is the “Christian Reunion” essay–is it available anywhere else? I have it in audio form, and in the Walmsley edition
    • Check Arend’s index for more details
  • Poems
    • Collected Poems CS LewisI have encouraged Don King’s Collected Poems, which have all the poems (with minor omissions)
    • Walter Hooper edited Narrative Poems has 4 unfinished longer poems, plus Dymer; add The Collected Poems for about 70% of Lewis’ corpus
    • The Collected Poems has a misprinted cover that simply says Poems–the same title as an earlier edited volume by Hooper (I know!)
  • Literary Criticism & History
    • cs lewis preface to paradise lost 1970Except the Oxford History Sixteenth Century book, A Preface to Paradise Lost and The Personal Heresy, the other literary criticism and history books are reprinted in a new Canto series for $12-$20 USD ($20-$25 CDN), including Allegory of Love, The Discarded Image, An Experiment in Criticism, Studies in Words, Selected Literary Essays, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, Image and Imagination, and Spenser’s Images of Life (lectures put together by Alistair Fowley)
    • discarded image cs lewisRehabilitations is impossible to find but is replaced by 3 books: Selected Literary Essays, Image and Imagination, and Christian Reflections
    • Lewis’ commentary on Charles Williams’ strange and beautiful–and incomplete–Arthuriad is printed together with Williams’ poems and 5 chapters of a Williams Arthurian history in a “Williams & Lewis” one volume edition by Eerdmans in 1974
  • Christian Books
    • mere christianityMere Christianity = Broadcast Talks (= Case for Christianity) + Beyond Personality + Christian Behaviour
    • Miracles was released in 1947; there is a hard-to-get abridgment in about 1958, but the 2nd edition of 1960 is what you will most easily find; in it ch. 3 has been rewritten (see Arend Smilde’s write up here)
    • A number of the Christian books are reprinted in an cs lewis all my road before meattractive Harvest Book series, including All My Road Before Me (the 1920s diaries), The World’s Last Night, Of Other Worlds, Present Concerns, Letters to Malcolm, Surprised by Joy, The Dark Tower and Other Stories, The Four Loves, and Poems (the one not needed)
    • I have ignored totally the anthologies of Lewis’ work and quotations–I’m not against them; they simply overlap
  • Fiction
    • That Hideous Strength Tortured Planet by LewisWatch out for an abridgment of That Hideous Strength called The Tortured Planet
    • Voyage to Venus = Perelandra
    • The Dark Tower has the incomplete Ransom tale (which I think authentically Lewis‘, but some doubt it) and some other stories published or unfinished; see also Charlie Starr’s Light
    • See William O’Flaherty’s great little guest blog for more: “Till We Have Confusing Book Titles
  • Digital Editions
    • by C.S. LewisAudio
      • I have audio editions of all the popular essays except “Rejoinder to Dr. Pittenger” and “Is Progress Possible?”
      • I have audio for all the Christian books–including The Abolition of Man–and all the fiction
      • Narnia comes in an unabridged version and a dramatized version (by Focus on the Family)–is there also a BBC version dramatized somewhere?
      • screwtape letters cs lewis creepyThe Screwtape Letters has been read by Ralph Cosham (who reads 90% of Lewis’ work), as well as John Cleese from Monty Python; there is also a Focus on the Family dramatized version featuring Andy Serkis (the famous voice of Gollum in the Middle Earth films)
      • For those more visually oriented, the Youtube account “C.S. Lewis Doodle” has done some awesome animations in blackboard form of a dozen or so of Lewis’ chapters and essays
      • I don’t have audio for any of the literary criticism books
    • Personal Heresy by CS LewisPDFs or Ebooks
      • I believe that I have a digital copy of every book except the Oxford History Sixteenth Century volume and The Personal Heresy–has anyone found these for sale?
      • All the published letters and Narnia are widely available in many forms (PDF, Kindle, Epub, etc.)
      • The Don King volume is not in Ebook or Audio form yet (is it?)
      • Lewis’ work is out of copyright in many countries (including Canada and Austrialia), so there are some digital copies online

CS Lewis Apologetics Books Mere Christianity Miracles ScrewtapeI will leave some things for future blogs:

  1. Other resources that come in handy
  2. Ways to supplement your reading
  3. Previously unpublished material that is now available here and there

Now, it is your turn. Tell me in the comments about how you have approached reading C.S. Lewis, and whether this is a project you would enjoy. Feel free to critique (to make this resource page better) and share.

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Why I Read C.S. Lewis Chronologically

CS_Lewis_books_1Last week I had the great thrill to post that I had finished reading through C.S. Lewis’ works chronologically–from his earliest childhood letters and stories to his last letters, essays, and books. On Thursday I will post some practical ways that you too can do this reading project–whether you take a year, or 3 years (like me), or the better part of a decade.  

CS_Lewis_books_2By my very rough count, most of Lewis’ published work is made up of 60 books worth of reading, or about 21,000 pages, 5,000,000-6,000,000 words. Considering this corpus is made up of some of the most important Christian literature in the 20th century, foundational work in literary history and criticism, classic SF and dystopian books, and a series of fairy tales that changed children’s literature forever–not to mention thousands of letters that shaped the spiritual lives of friends and strangers–it is not a bad legacy of the pen. There are, by my count, 3,274 letters in print, plus another dozen or so unpublished letters that have circulated. Though this probably isn’t even 1/3 of the letters Lewis sent in his days, it is more than 3,500 pages of reading.

CS_Lewis_books_3It is a lot of reading. To put it all in chronological order adds a layer of complexity to the project. Besides the sheer fun of it, why have I chosen to read C.S. Lewis chronologically? Here are some of my key reasons.

Bound by Honour

There is an important role for the blogger and social commentator these days. I write that way, working as a fan and critic, and thinking not just about books but about how stories work in our world. This is a faith, fiction, and fantasy blog, centering around the Inklings, their influences, and their emulators.

C__Users_Brenton_Pictures_CSLewis_Book_Covers_CS_Lewis_books_4I have tried, though, to keep my work as a student and scholar of the Inklings just a few inches from my work as a blogger. Most won’t have noticed, but I have been very careful about making grand pronunciations about C.S. Lewis that aren’t confirmed by other scholars. I have made some hints here, a suggestion or two there. And I have made some mistakes. For the most part, though, I have worked to show new angles, not completely new interpretations. The papers I have published have been on teaching and the publication of manuscripts. It is only recently that I have published my own original work, like recent chapters on spiritual theology and Lewis’ critical approaches.

CS_Lewis_Books_5The reason I held back is because, as a scholar of C.S. Lewis, I am bound by honour to have read broadly and deeply in the man’s work. No matter how I approached reading Lewis, I needed to read just about everything I could get my hands on.

First Steps on a Well-Worn Road

Knowing that I was going to read everything that Lewis published, I had to begin somewhere. I had read Narnia, the Ransom Cycle, and Mere Christianity growing up. Many of us have, though I think the Ransom books are hidden SciFi/Dystopian early generation treasures. As I discuss here, it was The Screwtape Letters, The Great Divorce, and J.R.R. Tolkien’s “Mythopoeia” that drew me into Lewis studies–really a development from my teaching experience.

CS_Lewis_Books_6I found the mythmaking possibilities endless, but when I read Letters to an American Lady I knew I had to create a systematic approach to reading–and one that included letters, not just the published books and essays. I don’t know how other readers and scholars do it, but you could approach the material thematically (cultural criticism, spiritual direction, apologetics, writing themes, etc.). You could also come at Lewis and read him genre by genre, going little by little through his letters, poems, literary histories, book reviews, apologetics works, lectures, literary criticism pieces, anthologies and prefaces, SF books, short stories, children’s literature, and myth retellings. You could also read the books as they fall into your lap–a kind of serendipity approach guided by library catalogues, yard sales, bookstore specials, and friends foolish enough to loan out their books to you, a voracious reader.

CS_Lewis_Books_7I thought it made sense–and I still think it is the best way–to read chronologically. I knew enough about Lewis to know how to do this, and had an excellent library nearby. It meant beginning with juvenilia–my least favourite of his works–but it is a clear, systematic way to approach Lewis’ life and work.

The Man Behind the Mirror

We are reading because we enjoy the books: the stories, the words, the characters, the arguments, the particularly Lewisian way of looking at the world. You love Narnia, she loves classic Science Fiction, he is moved by the depth of the literary histories, they go to Lewis as an apologist and social critic, and I love the buried treasure in the reams of letters left behind. We read Lewis because we like his work.

CS_Lewis_books_8But I was also reading because I wanted to get a sense of the man behind the letters and the images. Letter by letter, book by book, piece by piece I was building a picture in my mind of who C.S. Lewis was. I don’t ever intend to write a biography–at least not in the traditional sense. Before I could confidently speak to “Lewis’ Approaches to Spiritual Theology”–my PhD project in short form–I had to have a very clear idea of who Lewis was. Moving past the works left behind to the writer’s vocation is a dangerous project, but it is one I chose to undertake.

Reading chronologically allowed me to form my impression of the Narnian behind Narnia, the apologist behind the apologies, the man behind the myths.

Would the Real C.S. Lewis Please Step Forward?

As I was trying to form an image of who C.S. Lewis was, I wanted to avoid two crucial errors.

CS_Lewis_books_9First, I didn’t want to fall into any one C.S. Lewis myth. Lewis has been taken up, for good and ill, by so many others. I have seen him identified by evangelicals, progressive Christians, Orthodox believers, Catholics sure he was close to returning to the fold, fantasy writers, animal rights activists, theistic evolutionists and young earth creationists, Tolkienists, Jungian psychologists, atheists with a grudge, atheists still hoping for an autograph, and the 22 people in the world certain that Lewis was right (or wrong) about Paradise Lost and know why.

I could not protect myself from all views of history and letters, but as much as I could I wanted to form my sense of Lewis for myself, without help from biographers, critics, fans, and historians. So I read C.S. Lewis work first, and then turned to what others said about him.

CS_Lewis_books_10Second, I did not want to fall into the trap of imagining Lewis as a static character. It is a bare fact that the man who toyed with sadomasochism as a priggish undergrad wrote a layman’s commentary on the Psalms, lectured on Marxism, helped instigate a cultural return to Spenser, preached a return to Christ on the BBC, and wrote a series of children’s stories that created a framework of possibility for future fantasy writers. To freeze any one of these images into “The Real C.S. Lewis” is to reduce a complex figure into a cartoon.

I read chronologically so that as I grew to understand the heart of the man, I also saw how he changed and grew throughout the years. Finally, once I had a good image of Lewis in my mind (at about 1945), I started reading biographies and secondary literature. Even then, I was selective, weighting my reading heavily to Lewis’ own work and words.

The Dip of the Pen

Lewis once said–I can’t remember where right now–that he liked using a dip pen to write because it slowed him down. The pen paced his work as he paused every 5-10 words to sketch out the ideas in his mind. This is part of the reason why Lewis was able to create brief, tight work largely in a single draft.

booksReading chronologically gave me the same sort of biographical experience. Going month by month, year by year, allowed me to explore areas that were uncertain to me. As they became relevant, I also did research into apologetics, epistolary fiction, the 16th century and the reign of the Tudors, WWI and WWII, the Oxbridge educational systems, literary theory, and etymology.

Reading Lewis caused me to discover or rediscover Jane Austen, Jonathan Swift, Milton, Dante, Homer, Samuel Richardson, H.G. Wells, G.K. Chesterton, George MacDonald, T.S. Eliot, F. Anstey, Arthur C. Clarke, Brian Aldiss, John Christopher, E.R. Eddison, George Orwell, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, Dorothy L. Sayers, Virginia Woolf, as well as Arthurian traditions and the metaphysical poets. I also read much of Warren Lewis’ diary, and letters by Joy Davidman, Dorothy Sayers, and J.R.R. Tolkien–three great minds it was a privilege to creep.

Reading slowly enough to supplement that reading with other works has been a rich experience.

That, then, is why I chose to do a chronological reading of C.S. Lewis. I think it was worth it, and am excited to try this project on other writers of history.

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Not all Inklings who wander are on Twitter

Very pleased to be part of this next week!

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